熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)（fuse）是指當(dang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)超過規定值時，以(yi)本身(shen)產生的(de)(de)熱量使熔(rong)體熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)，斷(duan)(duan)開電(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)是根(gen)據電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)超過規定值一(yi)段時間(jian)后，以(yi)其(qi)自身(shen)產生的(de)(de)熱量使熔(rong)體熔(rong)化，從而(er)使電(dian)(dian)路斷(duan)(duan)開；運(yun)用(yong)這種原理制成的(de)(de)一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)保護器(qi)(qi)。熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)于高低壓配電(dian)(dian)系統和(he)控(kong)制系統以(yi)及用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設備(bei)中，作為短路和(he)過電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)保護器(qi)(qi)，是應(ying)用(yong)最普遍(bian)的(de)(de)保護器(qi)(qi)件(jian)之一(yi)。

利用(yong)金(jin)屬(shu)導體作(zuo)為(wei)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體串聯于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中，當(dang)過載或短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)過熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體時(shi)(shi)，因其(qi)自身(shen)發熱而熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，從而分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)結(jie)構簡單，使用(yong)方便，廣泛用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統、各種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)工設備和(he)(he)家用(yong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中作(zuo)為(wei)保(bao)護器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)由(you)(you)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體、外殼(ke)和(he)(he)支座3部分(fen)(fen)組成，其(qi)中熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體是控制(zhi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)特性的(de)關鍵元(yuan)件。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體的(de)材料(liao)(liao)、尺(chi)寸(cun)和(he)(he)形狀決定了熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)特性。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體材料(liao)(liao)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)低熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)和(he)(he)高熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)兩類。低熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)材料(liao)(liao)如鉛和(he)(he)鉛合(he)金(jin)，其(qi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)低容易熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)電(dian)阻(zu)率較(jiao)大(da)，故制(zhi)成熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體的(de)截面尺(chi)寸(cun)較(jiao)大(da)，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)時(shi)(shi)產生的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)蒸氣較(jiao)多，只(zhi)適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)低分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)能(neng)力(li)的(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。高熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)材料(liao)(liao)如銅、銀，其(qi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)高，不容易熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，但(dan)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)電(dian)阻(zu)率較(jiao)低，可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)成比低熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)截面尺(chi)寸(cun)，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)時(shi)(shi)產生的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)蒸氣少(shao)，適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)高分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)能(neng)力(li)的(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體的(de)形狀分(fen)(fen)為(wei)絲狀和(he)(he)帶(dai)狀兩種(zhong)(zhong)。改變變截面的(de)形狀可(ke)(ke)顯著改變熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)特性。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有各種(zhong)(zhong)不同的(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)特性曲線，可(ke)(ke)以適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)不同類型保(bao)護對象(xiang)的(de)需要(yao)(yao)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)選(xuan)擇主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)依據負載的(de)保(bao)護特性和(he)(he)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)大(da)小(xiao)選(xuan)擇熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)類型。對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)容量小(xiao)的(de)電(dian)動機和(he)(he)照(zhao)明(ming)支線，常(chang)采(cai)用(yong)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)作(zuo)為(wei)過載及(ji)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)保(bao)護，因而希望熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體的(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化系(xi)(xi)數適當(dang)小(xiao)些(xie)。通常(chang)選(xuan)用(yong)鉛錫合(he)金(jin)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體的(de)RQA系(xi)(xi)列(lie)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)較(jiao)大(da)容量的(de)電(dian)動機和(he)(he)照(zhao)明(ming)干線，則應(ying)著重(zhong)考(kao)慮短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)保(bao)護和(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)能(neng)力(li)。通常(chang)選(xuan)用(yong)具有較(jiao)高分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)能(neng)力(li)的(de)RM10和(he)(he)RL1系(xi)(xi)列(lie)的(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；當(dang)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)很大(da)時(shi)(shi)，宜采(cai)用(yong)具有限流(liu)(liu)作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)RT0和(he)(he)RTl2系(xi)(xi)列(lie)的(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)

電容器，通常簡稱其容納電荷的本領為電容，用字母C表示。定義1：電容器，顧名思義，是‘裝電的容器’，是一種容納電荷的器件。英文名稱：capacitor。電容器是電子設備中大量使用的電子元件之一，廣泛應用于電路中的隔直通交，耦合，旁路，濾波，調諧回路， 能量轉換，控制等方面。定義2：電容器，任何兩個彼此絕緣且相隔很近的導體（包括導線）間都構成一個電容器。簡單的電容器是由兩端的極板和中間的絕緣電介質（包括空氣）構成的。通電后，極板帶電，形成電壓（電勢差），但是由于中間的絕緣物質，所以整個電容器是不導電的。不過，這樣的情況是在沒有超過電容器的臨界電壓（擊穿電壓）的前提條件下的。我們知道，任何物質都是相對絕緣的，當物質兩端的電壓加大到一定程度后，物質是都可以導電的，我們稱這個電壓叫擊穿電壓。電容也不例外，電容被擊穿后，就不是絕緣體了。當電容器接通電源以后,在電場力的作用下,與電源正極相接電容器極板的 自由電子將經過電源移到與電源負極相接的極板下, 正極由于失去負電荷而帶正電, 負 極由于獲得負電荷而帶負電,正,負極板所帶電荷大小相等,符號相反.
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