開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)詞語解釋為(wei)(wei)(wei)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)啟和(he)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)閉。它還是(shi)(shi)指一個(ge)可(ke)以使(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)路、使(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流中(zhong)斷或使(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)流到其(qi)(qi)他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)。最常見的(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)(shi)讓人操作的(de)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)一個(ge)或數個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)。接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)“閉合”（closed）表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)通(tong)，允許電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流流過；開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)路”（open）表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)導(dao)通(tong)形(xing)成開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)路，不(bu)允許電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流流過。最簡單(dan)的(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)有(you)(you)二(er)片名叫“觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)”的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)，二(er)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流形(xing)成回(hui)路，二(er)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)路。選用接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)需考(kao)(kao)慮其(qi)(qi)對抗腐蝕的(de)程(cheng)度，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)大多數金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)氧(yang)化后會(hui)形(xing)成絕緣的(de)氧(yang)化物，使(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)無法正常工作。選用接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)也需考(kao)(kao)慮其(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率、硬度、機(ji)械強度、成本及是(shi)(shi)否有(you)(you)毒等因(yin)素。有(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)在(zai)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍抗腐蝕金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)。一般會(hui)鍍在(zai)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)面(mian)，以避免(mian)因(yin)氧(yang)化物而(er)影響其(qi)(qi)性(xing)能。有(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)面(mian)也會(hui)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用非金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)材料(liao)，如導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)塑膠。開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)除了(le)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)之(zhi)外，也會(hui)有(you)(you)可(ke)動(dong)(dong)件(jian)使(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)通(tong)或不(bu)導(dao)通(tong)，開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)可(ke)依可(ke)動(dong)(dong)件(jian)的(de)不(bu)同(tong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)杠桿開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)（Toggle switch）、按鍵(jian)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、船型(xing)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)（Rocker switch）等，而(er)可(ke)動(dong)(dong)件(jian)也可(ke)以是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)他型(xing)式的(de)機(ji)械連桿。延(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器安裝于開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)之(zhi)中(zhong)，延(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)一種開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。延(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)又分為(wei)(wei)(wei)聲(sheng)控(kong)延(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、光控(kong)延(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、觸(chu)(chu)(chu)摸式延(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)等。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，是(shi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)物體導電(dian)(dian)(dian)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)器，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)被(bei)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣安全檢查與接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)工(gong)程竣(jun)工(gong)驗等(deng)(deng)場合。電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類比(bi)較多(duo)，包括接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、表(biao)面電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)以及回(hui)(hui)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣安全檢查與接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)工(gong)程竣(jun)工(gong)驗收*的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具。包括接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、表(biao)面電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)以及回(hui)(hui)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。回(hui)(hui)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)（變壓器回(hui)(hui)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)）適用于測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)低壓開關的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)觸頭接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)，高(gao)低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian) 纜(lan)線路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)等(deng)(deng)。智(zhi)能回(hui)(hui)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)采(cai)用100A恒流輸出。高(gao)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達(da)10V（常規儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)2-3倍）可采(cai)用載面細的(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)線，大(da)大(da)減輕了現場測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)勞動(dong)(dong)強(qiang)度。測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)過程全部由(you)單(dan)片控制自(zi)動(dong)(dong)實施，精度高(gao)，復測(ce)(ce)(ce)性好，單(dan)按鍵(jian)操作，簡單(dan)易行，測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數據(ju)液晶(jing)顯示。適用于不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作環境。接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)檢驗測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)常用儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)，進年來由(you)于計算(suan)機技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)飛速發(fa)展，因(yin)此接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也滲透了大(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)微處理機技(ji)術(shu)，其測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)功能，內容與精度是(shi)一般儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)器所不能相比(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機能(neng)(neng)把機械能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池能(neng)(neng)把化(hua)學能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池本身并不帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，它(ta)的兩極(ji)(ji)分別有正(zheng)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，由正(zheng)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的作(zuo)用下定向移(yi)動而形(xing)成(cheng)的），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷導體里本來(lai)就有，要產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)只需要加(jia)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓即可(ke)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池兩極(ji)(ji)接上導體時為(wei)了(le)產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)而把正(zheng)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷釋放(fang)出去，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷散盡時，也(ye)就荷盡流(liu)(liu)（壓）消了(le)。干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池等叫做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。通過(guo)變(bian)壓器和(he)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器，把交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)成(cheng)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的裝置叫做(zuo)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。能(neng)(neng)提供信(xin)號的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備(bei)叫做(zuo)信(xin)號源(yuan)。晶體三(san)極(ji)(ji)管能(neng)(neng)把前面送(song)來(lai)的信(xin)號加(jia)以放(fang)大，又把放(fang)大了(le)的信(xin)號傳送(song)到后(hou)面的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)去。晶體三(san)極(ji)(ji)管對(dui)后(hou)面的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)來(lai)說，也(ye)可(ke)以看做(zuo)是信(xin)號源(yuan)。整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)、信(xin)號源(yuan)有時也(ye)叫做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)與(yu)計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)或計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)與(yu)終(zhong)端(duan)(duan)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)傳送可以采(cai)用(yong)串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)和(he)(he)并行(xing)(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)二種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式。由(you)于串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式具有(you)使用(yong)線路少、成本(ben)低，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)遠程(cheng)(cheng)傳輸時，避免了(le)多條(tiao)線路特(te)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)一(yi)致而(er)(er)被(bei)廣泛采(cai)用(yong)。 在(zai)串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)時，要(yao)求通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)都采(cai)用(yong)一(yi)個(ge)標(biao)(biao)準接(jie)口(kou)(kou)，使不(bu)同 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)可以方(fang)(fang)(fang)便地連接(jie)起來進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)。 RS-232-C接(jie)口(kou)(kou)（又稱 EIA RS-232-C）是(shi)(shi)目前最常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)接(jie)口(kou)(kou)。它是(shi)(shi)在(zai)1970年由(you)美國電子工業協會(hui)（EIA）聯合貝爾(er)系統、 調制(zhi)解(jie)調器廠家及計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)終(zhong)端(duan)(duan)生產廠家共同制(zhi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)于串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao) 準。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全名是(shi)(shi)“數(shu)(shu)據(ju)終(zhong)端(duan)(duan)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)（DTE）和(he)(he)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)（DCE）之(zhi)(zhi)間 串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)二進(jin)(jin)制(zhi)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)交換接(jie)口(kou)(kou)技術標(biao)(biao)準”該標(biao)(biao)準規定(ding)采(cai)用(yong)一(yi)個(ge)25個(ge)腳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) DB25連接(jie)器，對連接(jie)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每個(ge)引腳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)內容加以規定(ding)，還對各種(zhong)信(xin) 號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電平(ping)加以規定(ding)。以往，PC與(yu)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)多借助RS232、RS485、以太網等方(fang)(fang)(fang)式，主(zhu)要(yao)取(qu)決于設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)口(kou)(kou)規范。但RS232、RS485只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)代表通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物理(li)介質層(ceng)和(he)(he)鏈路層(ceng)，如(ru)果要(yao)實現數(shu)(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙向訪問(wen)，就必須自(zi)己編寫通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)應用(yong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)，但這(zhe)種(zhong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)多數(shu)(shu)都不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)符合ISO/OSI的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范，只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)實現較單(dan)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，適用(yong)于單(dan)一(yi)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)類(lei)型，程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)不(bu)具備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)通(tong)用(yong)性。在(zai)RS232或RS485設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)聯成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)網中，如(ru)果設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)數(shu)(shu)量超過(guo)2臺，就必須使用(yong)RS485做通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)介質，RS485網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)間要(yao)想互通(tong)信(xin)息(xi)只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)通(tong)過(guo)“主(zhu)（Master）”設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)中轉才能(neng)(neng)(neng)實現，這(zhe)個(ge)主(zhu)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)通(tong)常是(shi)(shi)PC，而(er)(er)這(zhe)種(zhong)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)網中只(zhi)(zhi)允許存在(zai)一(yi)個(ge)主(zhu)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)，其余全部是(shi)(shi)從（Slave）設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)。而(er)(er)現場總(zong)線技術是(shi)(shi)以ISO/OSI模(mo)型為基礎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，具有(you)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟件支(zhi)持(chi)系統，能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠解(jie)決總(zong)線控制(zhi)、沖(chong)突檢測、鏈路維護(hu)等問(wen)題.

光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)photoelectric transducer，基于(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)，在(zai)受到可(ke)見光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)射后即(ji)產生光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)，將光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)信號轉換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)信號輸出。它除(chu)能測(ce)量(liang)(liang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)強(qiang)之外(wai)，還能利用(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)透射、遮擋(dang)、反射、干(gan)涉(she)等測(ce)量(liang)(liang)多種物理量(liang)(liang)，如尺(chi)寸、位(wei)移(yi)、速度、溫度等，因(yin)而是一種應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)極(ji)(ji)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)重要敏(min)(min)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)件。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)時不與被測(ce)對(dui)象直接接觸，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束的(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)又近似為(wei)零，在(zai)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)中(zhong)不存在(zai)摩(mo)擦(ca)和(he)對(dui)被測(ce)對(dui)象幾乎(hu)不施加(jia)壓力。因(yin)此在(zai)許多應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)場合，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)比其他傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)有(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)優越性(xing)。其缺點是在(zai)某些應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)方面，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學器(qi)件和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子器(qi)件價格較貴，并(bing)且對(dui)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境條(tiao)件要求較高。基于(yu)外(wai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)敏(min)(min)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)件有(you)(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)倍增管。基于(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導效應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。基于(yu)勢壘效應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)二極(ji)(ji)管和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)三極(ji)(ji)管(見半(ban)導體光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)(min)元(yuan)件)。基于(yu)側向光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)反轉光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)(min)二極(ji)(ji)管。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)還可(ke)按信號形式(shi)(shi)分(fen)為(wei)模(mo)擬(ni)式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)和(he)數字式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)還有(you)(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)、固體圖像傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)等

溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)一種液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)壓(ya)力控(kong)制閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，在液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)設備中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要起定(ding)(ding)壓(ya)溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，穩(wen)壓(ya)，系(xi)統卸(xie)荷和(he)(he)安(an)全保(bao)護(hu)作用。溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)在裝配(pei)或使用中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，由于O形密封圈、組(zu)合密封圈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損壞，或者(zhe)安(an)裝螺釘(ding)、管(guan)接頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)松(song)動，都可能造(zao)成不應(ying)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)泄漏。液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)裝置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)容(rong)易產(chan)生(sheng)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)元件一般(ban)(ban)認為(wei)是(shi)泵(beng)和(he)(he)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)又以溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)電磁換向閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等為(wei)主(zhu)。產(chan)生(sheng)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素(su)很多(duo)。溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)有(you)(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)速(su)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)二(er)種。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)速(su)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要由油(you)液(ye)(ye)振(zhen)(zhen)動、空穴(xue)以及液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)沖擊等原因產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。機(ji)械(xie)(xie)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要由閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)零件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撞擊和(he)(he)磨擦等原因產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。定(ding)(ding)壓(ya)溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)作用：在定(ding)(ding)量泵(beng)節(jie)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)調(diao)節(jie)系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，定(ding)(ding)量泵(beng)提(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)恒定(ding)(ding)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量。當系(xi)統壓(ya)力增大時(shi)(shi)，會使流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量需求減小。此時(shi)(shi)溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)開啟，使多(duo)余流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量溢(yi)(yi)回油(you)箱，保(bao)證溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)進口壓(ya)力，即泵(beng)出口壓(ya)力恒定(ding)(ding)（閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)口常隨壓(ya)力波動開啟）。在先導型溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)發出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)會有(you)(you)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)頻振(zhen)(zhen)動聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，一般(ban)(ban)稱它(ta)為(wei)自激振(zhen)(zhen)動聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。這是(shi)主(zhu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)導閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)因高(gao)頻振(zhen)(zhen)動而發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)率與回油(you)管(guan)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)置(zhi)、流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量、壓(ya)力、油(you)溫（粘度(du)）等因素(su)有(you)(you)關。一般(ban)(ban)情況(kuang)下，管(guan)道口徑(jing)小、流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量少、壓(ya)力高(gao)、油(you)液(ye)(ye)粘度(du)低，自激振(zhen)(zhen)動發生(sheng)率就高(gao)。

集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采用(yong)硅(gui)(gui)半導(dao)體(ti)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)而制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)，因(yin)此亦(yi)稱硅(gui)(gui)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)或(huo)單(dan)片(pian)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)。模擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)20世紀(ji)80年代(dai)問(wen)世的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)個芯(xin)片(pian)上(shang)(shang)、可(ke)(ke)完成(cheng)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)及模擬(ni)信(xin)號輸(shu)出功(gong)(gong)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)IC。模擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)特點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)能單(dan)一(yi)(yi)(僅測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)某一(yi)(yi)物(wu)理(li)量(liang)(liang)(liang))、測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)誤(wu)差小(xiao)、價(jia)格低(di)、響(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)速度(du)(du)快、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)距(ju)(ju)離(li)遠、體(ti)積(ji)小(xiao)、微功(gong)(gong)耗等，適(shi)合遠距(ju)(ju)離(li)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)需要(yao)進行非線性校準，外圍(wei)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)簡(jian)單(dan)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)制(zhi)(zhi)造工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)上(shang)(shang)對(dui)各種(zhong)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)進行分(fen)類(lei)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)標準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產硅(gui)(gui)基(ji)半導(dao)體(ti)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)技術制(zhi)(zhi)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采用(yong)硅(gui)(gui)半導(dao)體(ti)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)而制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)此亦(yi)稱硅(gui)(gui)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)或(huo)單(dan)片(pian)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)溫(wen)度(du)(du)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)，它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將溫(wen)度(du)(du)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)個芯(xin)片(pian)上(shang)(shang)、可(ke)(ke)完成(cheng)溫(wen)度(du)(du)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)及模擬(ni)信(xin)號輸(shu)出功(gong)(gong)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)IC。模擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)溫(wen)度(du)(du)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)特點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)能單(dan)一(yi)(yi)、測(ce)溫(wen)誤(wu)差小(xiao)、價(jia)格低(di)、響(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)速度(du)(du)快、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)距(ju)(ju)離(li)遠、體(ti)積(ji)小(xiao)、微功(gong)(gong)耗等，適(shi)合遠距(ju)(ju)離(li)測(ce)溫(wen)、控(kong)溫(wen)，不(bu)需要(yao)進行非線性校準，外圍(wei)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)簡(jian)單(dan)。圖2-1是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)AD590用(yong)于(yu)(yu)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)熱力學溫(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本應(ying)(ying)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。因(yin)為流(liu)過(guo)AD590的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)與熱力學溫(wen)度(du)(du)成(cheng)正比(bi)，當電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R1和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)R2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)之(zhi)和(he)(he)為1kΩ時，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓隨(sui)溫(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)為1mV/K。但(dan)由(you)于(yu)(yu)AD590的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)益有(you)偏(pian)差，電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)也有(you)誤(wu)差，因(yin)此應(ying)(ying)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)進行調(diao)整(zheng)。調(diao)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)為：把AD590放于(yu)(yu)冰水(shui)混合物(wu)中，調(diao)整(zheng)電(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)R2，使(shi)=273.2mV。或(huo)在(zai)(zai)室溫(wen)下(25℃)條件(jian)下調(diao)整(zheng)電(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)，使(shi)=273.2+25=298.2（mV）。但(dan)這(zhe)樣調(diao)整(zheng)只可(ke)(ke)保證在(zai)(zai)0℃或(huo)25℃附近有(you)較(jiao)高精度(du)(du)。很多(duo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)商是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)把大(da)部分(fen)設(she)計(ji)(ji)、測(ce)試和(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)造傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任務，委托給(gei)第(di)三方供(gong)應(ying)(ying)商去做，可(ke)(ke)以最大(da)限度(du)(du)地利用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程設(she)計(ji)(ji)團隊(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)限資源，縮短產品(pin)(pin)上(shang)(shang)市時間。盡管如此，仍然(ran)有(you)許(xu)多(duo)關(guan)鍵(jian)決策需要(yao)由(you)設(she)計(ji)(ji)人員把握，而且(qie)這(zhe)些(xie)關(guan)鍵(jian)決定將會對(dui)產品(pin)(pin)性能、可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性和(he)(he)成(cheng)本產生(sheng)重大(da)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。為幫助(zhu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)出適(shi)合具體(ti)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系統，首先(xian)我們來分(fen)析一(yi)(yi)下預集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)，特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)同傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)可(ke)(ke)提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢，然(ran)后(hou)還要(yao)熟悉一(yi)(yi)些(xie)必須(xu)考(kao)慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)問(wen)題。即使(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經驗豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程師，也不(bu)得不(bu)承認，針對(dui)醫療(liao)設(she)備、過(guo)程控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)其他工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠自動化(hua)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際應(ying)(ying)用(yong)條件(jian)，設(she)計(ji)(ji)提供(gong)精確、可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)數據的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)產品(pin)(pin)開發周(zhou)期中最耗時和(he)(he)最昂(ang)貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。在(zai)(zai)很大(da)程度(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)跨學科合作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程，需要(yao)設(she)計(ji)(ji)團隊(dui)考(kao)慮許(xu)多(duo)電(dian)(dian)氣、機械和(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)造工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)問(wen)題。

截(jie)(jie)止閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)又稱(cheng)截(jie)(jie)門閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，屬于強制(zhi)密(mi)封式(shi)(shi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門關(guan)閉(bi)時(shi)，必須向(xiang)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)施加壓力(li)(li)，以(yi)強制(zhi)密(mi)封面不(bu)泄漏。當(dang)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)由(you)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)下(xia)(xia)方(fang)進(jin)入(ru)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門時(shi)，操作(zuo)力(li)(li)所(suo)(suo)需(xu)要克服(fu)的(de)(de)(de)阻力(li)(li)，是(shi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)和填料的(de)(de)(de)摩(mo)擦力(li)(li)與(yu)由(you)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)(li)所(suo)(suo)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)推力(li)(li)，關(guan)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)比(bi)開(kai)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)大(da)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)徑(jing)要大(da)，否則會(hui)發生(sheng)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)頂(ding)彎的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障。按(an)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)分為(wei)三種(zhong)：法蘭(lan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)、絲扣連(lian)(lian)接(jie)、焊接(jie)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)。從自密(mi)封的(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門出現后(hou)，截(jie)(jie)止閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)向(xiang)就改由(you)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上方(fang)進(jin)入(ru)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)腔，這時(shi)在(zai)(zai)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)壓力(li)(li)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)(xia)，關(guan)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)小，而(er)開(kai)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)大(da)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)徑(jing)可以(yi)相應地減少(shao)。同時(shi)，在(zai)(zai)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)(xia)，這種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門也(ye)較(jiao)嚴密(mi)。我國閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門“三化給(gei)”曾規(gui)定(ding)，截(jie)(jie)止閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)向(xiang)，一律采用(yong)自上而(er)下(xia)(xia)。截(jie)(jie)止閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)開(kai)啟時(shi)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)啟高度(du)，為(wei)公稱(cheng)直(zhi)徑(jing)的(de)(de)(de)25%～30%時(shi).流(liu)(liu)量已達(da)到最大(da)，表示閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門已達(da)全(quan)開(kai)位置(zhi)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)截(jie)(jie)止閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)開(kai)位置(zhi)，應由(you)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)行程來決定(ding)。截(jie)(jie)止閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)（stop valve,Globe Valve）的(de)(de)(de)啟閉(bi)件是(shi)塞形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，密(mi)封上面呈平面或(huo)海錐面，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)沿閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)座的(de)(de)(de)中心線作(zuo)直(zhi)線運(yun)動(dong)。閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)，（通(tong)用(yong)名稱(cheng)：暗桿(gan)），也(ye)有升降旋(xuan)轉桿(gan)式(shi)(shi)可用(yong)于控制(zhi)空(kong)氣、水(shui)、蒸汽、各(ge)種(zhong)腐蝕性介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)、泥漿(jiang)、油(you)品、液態金屬和放射性介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)等各(ge)種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)流(liu)(liu)體的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)。因此(ci)，這種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)截(jie)(jie)流(liu)(liu)截(jie)(jie)止閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門非常適合(he)作(zuo)為(wei)切斷或(huo)調(diao)節以(yi)及節流(liu)(liu)用(yong)。由(you)于該類(lei)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門的(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)開(kai)啟或(huo)關(guan)閉(bi)行程相對(dui)較(jiao)短，而(er)且具有非常可靠的(de)(de)(de)切斷功能，又由(you)于閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)座通(tong)口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化與(yu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)行程成正比(bi)例關(guan)系，非常適合(he)于對(dui)流(liu)(liu)量的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)節。

繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)（英文名稱：relay）是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)，是(shi)當輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)量（激勵量）的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)達(da)到規定(ding)要求時，在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)使被(bei)(bei)控(kong)量發生預定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)階躍(yue)變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。它具有控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統（又稱輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)回路(lu)）和被(bei)(bei)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統（又稱輸(shu)出回路(lu)）之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)互(hu)動關系。通常應用于自動化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)，它實際上(shang)(shang)是(shi)用小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)去控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)運(yun)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)“自動開關”。故(gu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)起著自動調節、安全(quan)保護(hu)、轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)等(deng)作用。繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)線(xian)圈在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)用一個(ge)長(chang)方框符號(hao)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)，如果繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)有兩個(ge)線(xian)圈，就畫(hua)兩個(ge)并(bing)列的(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)方框。同時在(zai)(zai)(zai)長(chang)方框內或長(chang)方框旁標(biao)上(shang)(shang)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文字符號(hao)“J”。繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)有兩種(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)方法(fa)：一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)把它們(men)直接畫(hua)在(zai)(zai)(zai)長(chang)方框一側(ce)，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)法(fa)較為(wei)直觀(guan)。另一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)連接的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要，把各個(ge)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)分(fen)別(bie)畫(hua)到各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)，通常在(zai)(zai)(zai)同一繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)與線(xian)圈旁分(fen)別(bie)標(biao)注上(shang)(shang)相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)文字符號(hao)，并(bing)將觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)組編上(shang)(shang)號(hao)碼，以示(shi)區別(bie)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)一(yi)般(ban)由鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)芯、線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)、銜鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)、觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)簧等組成的(de)(de)(de)。只要在(zai)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)兩(liang)端加上(shang)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中(zhong)就(jiu)會流(liu)(liu)過一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，從(cong)(cong)而產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁效應，銜鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)就(jiu)會在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁力(li)(li)吸(xi)(xi)引(yin)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用下克(ke)服返回(hui)彈(dan)(dan)簧的(de)(de)(de)拉力(li)(li)吸(xi)(xi)向鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)芯，從(cong)(cong)而帶動(dong)(dong)銜鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)靜觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（常(chang)(chang)(chang)開觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）吸(xi)(xi)合(he)(he)。當線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)力(li)(li)也隨之(zhi)消失(shi)，銜鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)就(jiu)會在(zai)彈(dan)(dan)簧的(de)(de)(de)反作(zuo)(zuo)用力(li)(li)返回(hui)原來的(de)(de)(de)位置，使(shi)動(dong)(dong)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)原來的(de)(de)(de)靜觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（常(chang)(chang)(chang)閉觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）釋放。這(zhe)樣吸(xi)(xi)合(he)(he)、釋放，從(cong)(cong)而達到(dao)(dao)了在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)導通(tong)、切斷的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。對于(yu)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)“常(chang)(chang)(chang)開、常(chang)(chang)(chang)閉”觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可以這(zhe)樣來區(qu)分：繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)未(wei)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)處(chu)于(yu)斷開狀態的(de)(de)(de)靜觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，稱為(wei)“常(chang)(chang)(chang)開觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”；處(chu)于(yu)接通(tong)狀態的(de)(de)(de)靜觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)稱為(wei)“常(chang)(chang)(chang)閉觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”。繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)一(yi)般(ban)有(you)(you)兩(liang)股電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，為(wei)低壓控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路和高壓工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。當線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓規格(ge)有(you)(you)ac380v、ac220v或(huo)dc220v、dc24v等）時(shi)(shi)，銜鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)及托板被鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)吸(xi)(xi)引(yin)而瞬(shun)時(shi)(shi)下移，使(shi)瞬(shun)時(shi)(shi)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接通(tong)或(huo)斷開。但是活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)桿和杠(gang)桿不能同時(shi)(shi)跟著(zhu)銜鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)一(yi)起下落，因為(wei)活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)桿的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)端連著(zhu)氣(qi)室(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)橡(xiang)皮膜(mo)(mo)，當活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)桿在(zai)釋放彈(dan)(dan)簧的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用下開始(shi)向下運(yun)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)，橡(xiang)皮膜(mo)(mo)隨之(zhi)向下凹，上(shang)面(mian)空氣(qi)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)變(bian)得(de)稀薄而使(shi)活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)桿受到(dao)(dao)阻尼作(zuo)(zuo)用而緩慢下降(jiang)(jiang)。經過一(yi)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)，活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)桿下降(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)(dao)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)位置，便(bian)通(tong)過杠(gang)桿推(tui)動(dong)(dong)延(yan)時(shi)(shi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)，使(shi)動(dong)(dong)斷觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)斷開，動(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)閉合(he)(he)。從(cong)(cong)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)(dao)延(yan)時(shi)(shi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完(wan)成動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)，這(zhe)段時(shi)(shi)間(jian)就(jiu)是繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)延(yan)時(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。延(yan)時(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)長短可以用螺釘調節空氣(qi)室(shi)進氣(qi)孔的(de)(de)(de)大小來改(gai)變(bian)。

接近開關是一種無需與運動部件進行機械直接接觸而可以操作的位置開關，當物體接近開關的感應面到動作距離時，不需要機械接觸及施加任何壓力即可使開關動作，從而驅動直流電器或給計算機（plc)裝置提供控制指令。接近開關是種開關型傳感器（即無觸點開關），它既有行程開關、微動開關的特性，同時具有傳感性能，且動作可靠，性能穩定，頻率響應快，應用壽命長，抗干擾能力強等、并具有防水、防震、耐腐蝕等特點。產品有電感式、電容式、霍爾式、交、直流型。
接近(jin)開(kai)關又稱無(wu)觸點接近(jin)開(kai)關，是理想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)子開(kai)關量(liang)傳(chuan)感(gan)器。當金(jin)屬檢測體接近(jin)開(kai)關的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)應區域(yu)，開(kai)關就能(neng)無(wu)接觸，無(wu)壓力(li)(li)、無(wu)火(huo)花、迅速(su)發出電(dian)氣指令，準確(que)反(fan)應出運(yun)動機(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)和行程(cheng)，即使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于一般的(de)(de)(de)行程(cheng)控制，其定位(wei)精度、操作(zuo)頻(pin)率、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命、安裝調整的(de)(de)(de)方便性(xing)和對(dui)惡劣環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)力(li)(li)，是一般機(ji)械式(shi)行程(cheng)開(kai)關所不能(neng)相比的(de)(de)(de)。它(ta)廣泛地應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于機(ji)床、冶金(jin)、化工、輕紡和印刷等行業。在自(zi)(zi)動控制系統(tong)中可作(zuo)為限位(wei)、計(ji)數、定位(wei)控制和自(zi)(zi)動保護環(huan)節等。

編碼器（encoder）是將信號（如比特流）或數據進行編制、轉換為可用以通訊、傳輸和存儲的信號形式的設備。編碼器把角位移或直線位移轉換成電信號，前者稱為碼盤，后者稱為碼尺。按照讀出方式編碼器可以分為接觸式和非接觸式兩種；
由一個中心有軸的光電碼盤，其上有環形通、暗的刻線，有光電發射和接收器件讀取，獲得四組正弦波信號組合成A、B、C、D,每個正弦波相差90度相位差（相對于一個周波為360度），將C、D信號反向，疊加在A、B兩相上，可增強穩定信號；另每轉輸出一個Z相脈沖以代表零位參考位。
由(you)于(yu)A、B兩相相差90度(du)(du)，可通(tong)(tong)過(guo)比(bi)(bi)較A相在前(qian)還是B相在前(qian)，以判別編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)的正轉與反轉，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)零位(wei)(wei)脈沖，可獲得編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)的零位(wei)(wei)參考位(wei)(wei)。編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)碼(ma)盤的材料有玻(bo)璃(li)(li)、金屬、塑(su)料，玻(bo)璃(li)(li)碼(ma)盤是在玻(bo)璃(li)(li)上沉積很(hen)薄的刻線，其熱(re)穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)好，精度(du)(du)高，金屬碼(ma)盤直接(jie)以通(tong)(tong)和不通(tong)(tong)刻線，不易(yi)碎，但由(you)于(yu)金屬有一定(ding)的厚度(du)(du)，精度(du)(du)就(jiu)有限(xian)制，其熱(re)穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)就(jiu)要比(bi)(bi)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)的差一個(ge)數量級，塑(su)料碼(ma)盤是經(jing)濟型(xing)的，其成(cheng)本低(di)，但精度(du)(du)、熱(re)穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)、壽命均要差一些。

絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)耐(nai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)測試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)又叫(jiao)(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)強度試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)儀(yi)(yi)或叫(jiao)(jiao)介質強度測試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)。將一(yi)規定(ding)交流或直流高壓(ya)(ya)施(shi)加在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部分(fen)和非帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部分(fen)（一(yi)般為外殼(ke)）之間以檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)所能(neng)(neng)承(cheng)(cheng)受(shou)耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)能(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)在長期工(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)，不僅要承(cheng)(cheng)受(shou)規定(ding)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用，還要承(cheng)(cheng)受(shou)操作(zuo)過程中(zhong)引起短時間的(de)(de)高于額(e)定(ding)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)（過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)會高于額(e)定(ding)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)的(de)(de)好幾倍(bei)）。在這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)內部結構將發(fa)生變化。當過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)強度達(da)到某一(yi)定(ding)值(zhi)時，就會使材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)擊穿(chuan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)將不能(neng)(neng)正常運行，操作(zuo)者(zhe)就可(ke)能(neng)(neng)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),危(wei)及人身安全。

SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMSK22-S-NPN-SA
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG plus 32 0305511
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    PGN+125-1-SD 37371103
SCHUNK雄克    減徑套    GZB-S  20/5
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    dwg80v 30026507
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    KGG 140  340311
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    301469
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    IN 40/S-M8
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PZN+40-IS  303538
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸磁性開關    0301032 mms22 spm8 ed
SCHUNK雄克    QUICK CONNECT    NSE 138 (ID：0470001)-INLINE GRIND
SCHUNK雄克    備件    GWB 34  307135
SCHUNK雄克    備件    LGR-16(312972)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS 30S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    平行爪    300275 KTG50
SCHUNK雄克    備件    HWA-080-000-000 0302781
SCHUNK雄克    三爪氣爪    PZB-Plus 64-1-AS
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    SPU+30-W 361842
SCHUNK雄克    附件    371095
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    HOLDER HSK-A63-D20-200L (273 336)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    302612
SCHUNK雄克    備件    301032
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMS 22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    0370100 PGN 64-1
SCHUNK雄克    parallel-gripper    MPG20 AS    0340039
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0207925
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0340009 MPG20
SCHUNK雄克    行夾    PGN-PLUS100-1(0371102)
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    PGN 50-1  370399
SCHUNK雄克    備件    362020  SRU+35-W
SCHUNK雄克    開關    0301587 IN 80-S-M12-SA
SCHUNK雄克    旋轉氣缸    DSE A 4D-4  訂貨號30026217
SCHUNK雄克    電器件    0340010
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0312972
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PGN-PLUS 100-1
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    RH905 Ident-NO:360110
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    PGN200-1
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    MMS22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    分氣塊    0323285 DDF120 SE
SCHUNK雄克    二指氣爪    PGN 80-2AS
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MM S K22S P 12 HD
SCHUNK雄克    力傳感器    FMS-ZBP 100 301837
SCHUNK雄克    三角卡盤    DIN 55028 A6 NR.0832231
SCHUNK雄克    proximity switch    0301469
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMSZ22-S-M8-PNP 訂貨號0301032
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG-plus 40 0305521
SCHUNK雄克    插頭    9935815
SCHUNK雄克    備件    訂貨號9907720
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    301473
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PFH 50-AS   0302051
SCHUNK雄克    備件    KSP-F PLUS160 ID號 0405310
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    BT50-12
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGN160-1
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    0371455 PGN+200-2AS
SCHUNK雄克    備件    SRU+50-W 30062319
SCHUNK雄克    備件    FPS-13 301705
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PZN80/2 300411
SCHUNK雄克    平行夾持器    0303509
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    GWB64
SCHUNK雄克    備件    30048684-FTS-MIN45-E-1.8-7.6-CTL-ESI-145-5
SCHUNK雄克    備件    FDB340  ID0322201+(0322220/0322226/0322222/0322225)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    362020  SRU+35-W
SCHUNK雄克    夾緊氣缸    PGN+64/2 371091
SCHUNK雄克    發電機接地碳刷    S13F19 8X20X32
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0308601
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    SRU 50.2 30035835
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PGN+80/1
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    DWG80V 30026507
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    MPG64 340014
SCHUNK雄克    平行夾爪    0371080
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    MSE-A40-4  352870
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    SRH+25-W  PN：359251
SCHUNK雄克    手指氣缸    340011 MPG 32
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    312974-LGR25
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PSK 40-N-2  訂貨號308242
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    PGN-Plus-80-1-AS  0371401
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    cylinder/ose-a40-0/30005509
SCHUNK雄克    平行氣爪    PGN+64-1 訂貨號0371100
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0340060 MPG 25-IS
SCHUNK雄克    備件    IN40/S-M12 0301674
SCHUNK雄克    備件    DPG-PLUS-300-1
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    GMNS 28-G
SCHUNK雄克    備件    TPS125-26 Z120    序列號：88000256
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0371399
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0362632 SRU+50-W-180-3-M-8
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸/Cylinder    PGN 80-plus Hub 1 AS 8mm Identnr.371401
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    0301478 IN80-S-M8
SCHUNK雄克    備件    308800
SCHUNK雄克    插座接頭    1349081026
SCHUNK雄克    感應器    MMS-P 22-S-M8-PNP 0301370
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    PGN-plus160-2IS
SCHUNK雄克    三指夾爪    MPZ 30
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    GBK315
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGN+50-1
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    ID:0210114
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    306962
SCHUNK雄克    夾具    301380
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    氣爪RH907
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0303022
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PGN+125-1-AS  0371403
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    0280122
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    37371403
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    0354100
SCHUNK雄克    Roatry modules    SRU+35-W-180 30055461
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0308601
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    MMS-22-S M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    備件    340523
SCHUNK雄克    定心套    9939380
SCHUNK雄克    定位套    ZHU-8
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    30039511
SCHUNK雄克    備件    INW-50-S-M12 301505
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    MPG-32/340011
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    0280126
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MPG40
SCHUNK雄克    附件    PGF 80-AS  SN:0340371
SCHUNK雄克    夾具    MMSK22-S-PNP-SA 0301044
SCHUNK雄克    旋轉裝置    362252
SCHUNK雄克    磁性開關    0301049 MMS22-S-M5-NPN-SA
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PZN-plus64-1
SCHUNK雄克    三爪定心    PZB100 300347
SCHUNK雄克    插頭    9935815
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0371456  PINCE PGN PLUS 300-2-AS
SCHUNK雄克    Cylinder    MPG40 340012
SCHUNK雄克    備件    K173512 T20024661
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    303309
SCHUNK雄克    備件    SFL-40-E-90 0304564
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    0307110  DRG 100-90-AS
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    80/S-M12
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS 22-S-M8-PNP 0301432
SCHUNK雄克    JAW CHUCK 卡具    KSHPLUS 160REF.0405330
SCHUNK雄克    機械卡爪    PGN-PLUS 50 1AS
SCHUNK雄克    鉆夾頭    BBT50-13/0203641
SCHUNK雄克    開關    MMS-P 22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    備件    ID; 422118
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0308611
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS 22-S-M8-PNP-SA ID:0301442
SCHUNK雄克    開關線    0301474 IN40-S-M8 NHS PNP
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0371120
SCHUNK雄克    副槍極限    IN 80/S-M8
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PZN 125/1  Schuk   ID 300313
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    0371102_PGN-PLUS100-1
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG 32 0340011
SCHUNK雄克    伸縮夾具    10354411
SCHUNK雄克    備件    371401+80-1
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0340520
SCHUNK雄克    電磁開關    IN 80-S-M8（301478）
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    0371451 PGN-PLUS 80-2-AS
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    0303941GSM-P-40-AS-S-180
SCHUNK雄克    塊環系統    40102513
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    0362600
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMS-P22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PGN Plus 80-1  0371101
SCHUNK雄克    夾具    SWA150 302453
SCHUNK雄克    液壓卡盤    ROTA NCK  PLUS  315-91
SCHUNK雄克    備件    Rotate cylinder 0se-c 34-0 354321
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    301580
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    SRU+40-W-180-3 0362220
SCHUNK雄克    減徑套    D20-6
SCHUNK雄克    塊環系統附件    40102514
SCHUNK雄克    備件    CYLINDER MPG 32 340011
SCHUNK雄克    備件    IN 80-S-M8-SA   ID:0301483
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    KGG80 340310
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0307137
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG-plus 40 0305521
SCHUNK雄克    備件    9985022
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    MPG40AS 340042
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    0263417
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0371090 PGN-Plus 64-1
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0301493
SCHUNK雄克    備件    INW 80/O-M12 訂貨號：301518
SCHUNK雄克    通用旋轉氣缸    SRU-plus 30-H-180-3-4-M8/361924
SCHUNK雄克    備件    Parallelgreifer MPG 12
SCHUNK雄克    備件    FPS-M8
SCHUNK雄克    二指氣爪    MPG 32 AS 340041
SCHUNK雄克    二指氣爪    KGG 100-40
SCHUNK雄克    電刷    B14Z1
SCHUNK雄克    減徑套    GZB-S  20/14
SCHUNK雄克    接頭    5510173
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    JGZ+125-1 303453
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0361320
SCHUNK雄克    備件    CPGF125-AS  0340391
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    0340039 MPG20-AS-2
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0305511 MPG+32
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    PFH50 370761
SCHUNK雄克    滑塊支架    10354968
SCHUNK雄克    數顯游標卡尺    201961 LMG-M
SCHUNK雄克    氣動三爪    PZH-PLUS30
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    0371103 PGN-plus-125-1
SCHUNK雄克    插頭模塊    9937328（1311ZNY011）
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    JGP 64-1-AS 308621
SCHUNK雄克    O-ring    9907 695
SCHUNK雄克    Angular Gripper    GWB 44  0307136
SCHUNK雄克    旋轉氣缸    SRU-PLUS40-W-180-3
SCHUNK雄克    備件    V2-M8/301.900
SCHUNK雄克    電磁閥    0309262 4612 302753
SCHUNK雄克    鐵跕    10357594
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PZN+160-1
SCHUNK雄克    Z axes stages    B140-C-SSS-M-2510-700-12502SAG-2ENM-MGK-1 64026
SCHUNK雄克    平行夾具    340012  MPG40
SCHUNK雄克    高精度感溫線    MMSK22-S-PNP     5523132  5米
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    INW80/O-M12 (301518)
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    PGN-PLUS-1-AS
SCHUNK雄克    parallel gripper    KGG 60-20    0303050
SCHUNK雄克    減徑套    GZB-S  20/8
SCHUNK雄克    Roatry modules    SRU+35-W-180 30055461
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    RH907  Nr：0360200
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    360310
SCHUNK雄克    finger gripper    PWC65B  30263
SCHUNK雄克    備件    in80-S-m8-sa
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    PZB-plus64-2-AS
SCHUNK雄克    電磁開關    MMS 22-S-M8-PNP-SA  0301442
SCHUNK雄克    備件    302452   SWK-150   0850ZSD000
SCHUNK雄克    鎖緊螺栓    450300
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    0301370
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    0307136 GWB 44
SCHUNK雄克    毛坯手指    ABR-PLUS 100 300012
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪手指    MPG32  0340011
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG-plus 40 0305521
SCHUNK雄克    備件    訂貨號：303090
SCHUNK雄克    電氣連接插頭    ID: 0301253(替代型號0301297)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0301264
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PGN-plus-64-2-AS
SCHUNK雄克    夾具    301380
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    308910 JGZ50
SCHUNK雄克  ;  氣缸(夾爪)    PZN-160-1

SCHUNK雄克氣缸PGN+80/1翊霈代理供應

SCHUNK雄克氣缸PGN+80/1翊霈代理供應